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Birth
Piskova, Olena ; Klímová, Barbora (referee) ; Gabriel, Michal (advisor)
The thesis is a continuation of my subject, "Why?", Also includes the theme of man and the environment. I started to be interested in the controversial topic of genetically modified organisms, genetic engineering. I found a personal story in it. Now it is difficult to comment on the extent to which these researches are important, but we shouldn’t stop there.
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Growing genetically modified crops in the world
Herodesová, Adéla ; Jančák, Vít (advisor) ; Eretová, Veronika (referee)
The bachelor thesis analyses the regional differentiation of genetically modified crops' cultivation in each country's territorial breakdown. The thesis defines basic technical terms, biotechnological breeding history, and the classification of genetically modified crops according to the modified traits. Emphasis is placed on national attitudes towards the use of this biotechnology in agriculture and the resulting legislation. It is shown that legislation has a major impact on the cultivation of genetically modified crops. In particular, the thesis compares the legislative approach between the European Union and the USA, which differs significantly. A closer look is devoted to the cultivation of genetically modified crops in Czechia. Selected factors (organic farming, farm size structure, and nutritional deficiencies) that may be related to the cultivation of genetically modified crops in each country are examined based on graphs and maps generated from secondary data. The results are discussed with relevant literature. Keywords: GMO, genetically modified crops, regional differentiation, legislation, agriculture
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Development on the US Soybean market
Lorencová, Veronika
Bachelor thesis deals with the position of soybeans in the American and world market. The first part characterizes general tendencies in the development of agriculture and moreover describes key features of examined crop. Analytical part of the thesis summarizes development trend of soybeans production in the US market, which is further compared with other significant world producers of this crop. In the scope of the world environment, the paper documents development of supply and demand, international trade and also analyses tendencies in growth of the competition in defined sector. The outcome of this research enables to analyze position of the US within the world soybean market and its future trends.
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Health risk and profit of genetically modified golden rice
KUČEROVÁ, Kateřina
People in developing countries very often suffer from severe vitamin A deficiency due to an insufficient and unbalanced diet. This vitamin is necessary, among other things, for the production of the visual pigment rhodopsin. According to the World Health Organization, up to half a million children go blind each year because of this deficit. Its deficiency also weakens the immune system and thus significantly increases the risk of death from various infectious diseases. The best solution to this deficiency would be if the vitamin was contained directly in the only food that these people get - in husked rice. There is already a special, genetically modified rice, into which has been introduced by a complicated and extensive modification of its DNA the entire metabolic pathway, which ensures the production of betacarotene in this crop. In the theoretical part I deal with the golden rice project and the origin of this genetically modified crop by the method of transgenesis, using bacteria of the genus Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plasmids of this bacterium are able to incorporate parts of their genetic information into the target organism. Thanks to restriction enzymes, we can insert genes selected by us into plasmids, which we then introduce into a specific plant. But are these products safe? Opinions on these crops are very diverse, but one thing interests everyone: how to safely identify a genetically engineered plant? In the laboratory, these experiments can best be mastered on model material. Therefore, in the experimental part of my bachelor thesis I deal with the transgenesis of the model plant Nicotiana tabacum using a selected strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. These bacterial strains were provided to me from the private collections of the Institute of Molecular Plant Biology in České Budějovice. The aim of my work in the laboratory was to master the practical methodology of preparation of genetically modified plant and subsequent verification of the presence of introduced genes in the examined samples of the model organism. Specifically, genes for antibiotic resistance. DNA isolation, PCR amplification and electrophoretic assays were used for this purpose. The signal gene used in agroinfection was verified too. Also, it was monitored how many copies of the transgene were integrated into the research material during agroinfection.
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PCR Detection of GMO in Food and Feed
ŠKRNOVÁ, Dominika
The term "genetically modified organism (GMO)" has become a controversial topic in many countries as its benefits for both food producers and consumers are accompanied by potential biomedical risks and environmental side effects. In this thesis, I attempt to summarize up-to-date knowledge about genetically modified (GM) crops. I also introduce different methods for detecting GMOs in food and feed. In the practical part of this thesis, thirty food and feed samples containing maize were randomly collected from different sources. The aim of this study was to test these samples for the presence of GMO, verify the information given on the label, and check that it complies with the EU legislation requiring that any food or feed containing more than 0.9% GM content has to be labeled. The next aim was to optimize the method for DNA extraction from the tested samples. In order to isolate genomic DNA from the samples, I used the NucleoSpin Food kit and the MagCore Automated Nucleic Acid Extractor. The concentration of extracted DNA was evaluated by ultraviolet (UV) absorption using a BioSpec-nano spectrophotometer. The gene coding for the zein storage protein of maize was used to confirm the presence of amplifiable maize DNA. DNA extraction was followed by PCR protocols using different sets of primers to detect four maize events: Bt11, Bt176, Mon810, and T25. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used for the separation of DNA fragments that were subsequently visualized using InGenius manual gel documentation system. In spite of the curent regulations, none of the three samples tested positive for the presence of MON810 maize had any such indication on their label. The samples that claimed to be "GMO free" on their label actually did not show the presence of any of the GM maize events tested.
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Human infectious diseases and GMO
KOBLIHOVÁ, Tereza
This bachelor thesis is focused on the detection of the transgenes in DNA of the genetically modified plants, especially on the detection of the transgene nptII. Moreover, it will discuss the determinations of the fission ratio (the amount of copies) of the injected transgenes into the next generation. The theoretical part of this bachelor thesis includes information about bacteria because some of their kinds are the reasons of human infection diseases, however, couple of them are used in genetic engineering for plant transformation at the same time. The diseases which are caused by bacteria are cured by antibiotics. Antibiotics are antimicrobic substances which are used to stop the growth of or exterminate these microorganisms. The theoretical part is especially focused on findings related to antibiotics and gene manipulated organisms (GMO). They are related to the concerns about using the selective gene nptII in the construct of these organisms, because this gene codes enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II, which deactivates the effects of the Antibiotic called kanamycin. Organisms, where this gene is included are getting resistant to these antibiotics. The aim of the methodical part was the cultivation of own genetic modified plants carrying artificially injected genes for the resistance to kanamycin (nptII) and the signal gene GUS. Furthermore, we were looking for the subsequent determination of presence of the gene ntpII in the samples from these plants. The first necessary step to the determination of the gene nptII in the transgenic plants was multiplying of the DNA section containing this gene. That was accomplished by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). After PCR was adapted, the detection of nptII gene in samples was made by gel electrophoresis. A histochemical test was used for the detection of the presence of the gene nptII in the plant samples and the confirmation of the transformation. As a model organism, the Nicotiana tabacum was chosen, which was transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
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Spotřebitelský trh s biopotravinami v Jihočeském kraji
SVÁČKOVÁ, Marie
Abstract The topic of this bachelor's thesis is "The Consumer Market with Organic Food in the South Bohemian Region" and it deals with the current market situation. The goal of this thesis is to analyse customer's approach to shopping of organic food, also looking for the weakest side of customer-organic food relationship and to define the direction how the customers think of the purchase. The theoretical part explains the basic concepts such as organic farming, defines legislation in labelling requirements and certification of organic food, the functions of organic farming control companies and production and processing of organic food. The results in the practical part were achieved by evaluation of a questionnaire survey and data analysis from the respondent's survey. Finally, the author suggests recommendations based on data analysis from the obtained information.
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Genetically modified products from feed in kidneys of broilers
POSPÍŠIL, Miroslav
This bachelor thesis gives an overview of managing detection of genetically manipulated products from chicken feed. Kidneys of chickens which were fed by feed that has been genetically modificated were subject to examination. Two GM plants were necessary for the examination, one of them being resistent Bt-maize, the other one herbicide-tolerant Roundup Ready soya. Both plants were used as additives in feed mixture for poultry. Detection of prospective trangenes was realized by means of molecular-genetic methods {--} PCR and electrophoresis. Ascertained risks for consumers will be evaluated upon the results of the thesis.
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"Golden' crops"- reason for their origin, construction, as well as use
Vlach, Jakub ; Rothová, Olga (advisor) ; Marková, Hana (referee)
Vitamin A deficiency is a long-term issue influencing mainly the population of poor countries. It causes a number of health problems (eyesight quality, susceptibility to infection diseases). Vitamin A is obtained naturally from food, however in poor countries there is a lack of varied diet rich in micronutrients. Local population is dependent on a few crop types actually planted and harvested is such regions. A sustainable way to improve this situation is growing of biofortified rice, maize, sweet potato, banana, sorghum, or cassava. These crops are called "golden crops" for their specific yellow to orange color. In the thesis, I thoroughly describe the biosynthesis of Provitamin A and the issue of its deficiency. Based on studied literature, I have compiled the currently known information about the production of golden rice and other golden crops consumed mainly in poor countries. There is a breeding method aiming at increasing the level of β-carotene in consumed parts of plants described for each particular crop type. Described methods are either conventional when the enriched plants are obtained through traditional breeding (sweet potato), or processes of genetic engineering are applied because of the insufficiency or impossibility to use conventional methods (banana, rice, cassava, sorghum)....
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